Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Mexico: History, Structure, and Public Opinion

Introduction

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are vital actors in the development of any country They are crucial for Mexico’s democracy as they promote accountability, protect human rights, and amplify marginalized voices. By advocating for social justice and engaging citizens, they strengthen democratic values and ensure government responsiveness to the needs of the people, fostering a more inclusive and transparent society.

Over the decades, CSOs in Mexico have played significant roles in various social, political, and economic arenas. They have fought for human rights, delivered essential services, and held the government accountable, among other important tasks. Despite their critical contributions, CSOs in Mexico are not always viewed with complete favor. Public opinion about these organizations is complex and varied, often shaped by political ideologies, historical experiences, and the activities of specific organizations.

In this article, we will explore the history of CSOs in Mexico, their legal framework, their role in the public sector, and how they are perceived by Mexican society. We will examine the factors contributing to both positive and negative views of CSOs and discuss the challenges they face in maintaining public trust.

The History of Civil Society in Mexico

The history of civil society in Mexico has evolved significantly over the centuries, with different periods marked by shifting political dynamics, social movements, and changing governmental structures. The development of civil society can be broken down into several key phases.

Colonial Era (1521-1821)

During Mexico’s colonial period under Spanish rule, the concept of civil society as it is known today did not exist. Instead, religious institutions, particularly the Catholic Church, served as a central institution in public and social life. These institutions were responsible for providing social services like education, healthcare, and welfare, which were largely disconnected from the state. However, this period also saw the emergence of indigenous communities and local organizations that resisted Spanish colonial rule, laying the groundwork for future civil society activism.

Post-Independence (1821-1910)

After Mexico’s independence in 1821, civil society was still in its infancy. The country experienced a period of political instability, characterized by power struggles and factionalism. The Mexican government during this period had little interest in fostering independent organizations, as most power was concentrated in the hands of the ruling elites. However, social movements began to emerge, particularly in the form of liberal and conservative factions that sought to influence national politics.

In this era, many CSOs were centered around issues like the abolition of slavery, land reforms, and the establishment of secular education. Yet, these movements were often fragmented and lacked a coherent structure or substantial political influence. The influence of the church and military remained dominant, and the general populace had limited opportunities to engage in political processes.

Porfiriato (1876-1911)

The era of Porfirio Díaz (1876-1911), often referred to as the Porfiriato, marked a period of state control and centralization of power. Díaz’s government stifled political opposition and co-opted existing social organizations, particularly labor unions and peasant groups, into his political machine. The government tightly controlled the social sphere, and many CSOs were either nonexistent or heavily monitored.

While the Porfiriato saw economic development and modernization, it also deepened inequality and social unrest, particularly among the rural poor and indigenous populations. Labor strikes, peasant uprisings, and early revolutionary movements began to emerge as a response to the oppression and exploitation under Díaz’s rule.

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) marked a major turning point in the development of civil society in Mexico. As workers, peasants, and intellectuals rose against the autocratic Porfirian regime, the foundations of a more organized and politically engaged civil society began to form. Revolutionary leaders like Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa championed the rights of the poor and indigenous populations, pushing for land reforms and social justice.

Following the revolution, the Constitution of 1917 was adopted, which enshrined several important social rights, including labor rights and agrarian reforms. The new government, led by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), was more open to the idea of civil society but still maintained control over political and social life. During the post-revolutionary period, social movements, labor unions, and peasant organizations played an essential role in shaping public policy.

PRI Domination (1929-2000)

For much of the 20th century, the PRI dominated Mexican politics, often in an authoritarian manner. Civil society organizations during this period faced significant challenges, including co-optation and repression. The PRI government utilized corporatism, in which labor unions and peasant organizations were incorporated into the political structure and controlled by the state. This system limited the independence of CSOs, as the government sought to maintain control over social and political life.

While the PRI regime presided over significant social and economic development, it was also notorious for its suppression of dissent. Activists, human rights defenders, and independent organizations were often harassed, and political opposition was quelled through authoritarian measures. As a result, many CSOs either operated in a limited or clandestine capacity, avoiding confrontation with the government.

However, by the 1980s and 1990s, Mexico began to experience gradual democratization. Movements for greater political openness, human rights, and social justice gained traction, and CSOs began to assert their independence more boldly.

Post-PRI Era (2000-Present)

The year 2000 marked a historic shift in Mexican politics when the PRI lost the presidency to the National Action Party (PAN), ending more than 70 years of PRI rule. This period marked a new era for civil society, as the democratic transition created space for CSOs to become more active and influential.

In 2004, the Federal Law for the Promotion of the Activities of Civil Society Organizations was passed, providing a legal framework for CSOs to operate with more transparency and accountability. This law recognized the importance of CSOs in the democratic process and facilitated their participation in shaping public policy, especially in areas like human rights, environmental protection, and anti-corruption efforts.

Over the last two decades, CSOs have played a key role in advocating for social change, such as the fight for women’s rights, Indigenous land rights, and environmental justice. However, they have also faced challenges, including political opposition, corruption scandals, and limitations on their ability to operate freely.

Legal Framework for CSOs in Mexico

Before the passage of the Federal Law for the Promotion of the Activities of Civil Society Organizations in 2004, CSOs in Mexico lacked a formalized legal framework. Many organizations operated informally, registering as civil associations (asociaciones civiles) or private assistance institutions (instituciones de asistencia privada), which were often subject to minimal oversight.

The 2004 law marked a significant step in recognizing CSOs as legitimate actors in Mexican society. The law established a legal framework that outlined the rights and responsibilities of CSOs, facilitated access to public funding, and promoted transparency and accountability in their operations. It also provided mechanisms for CSOs to engage with the government and participate in public policy development.

Despite the legal advancements, CSOs in Mexico still face challenges in terms of transparency, accountability, and political interference. In particular, government attempts to control or co-opt independent CSOs have continued in certain contexts, especially during the government during the period from 2018 until 2024.

Service-Oriented vs. Activist-Oriented CSOs

CSOs in Mexico can generally be categorized into two broad categories: service-oriented and activist-oriented organizations. While both types of CSOs share the goal of addressing societal problems, they differ in their approach. Service-oriented CSOs focus on meeting immediate needs and providing practical assistance, while activist-oriented CSOs challenge existing structures and work to create broader social, political, or environmental reforms. Depending on their mission and objectives, some CSOs may combine elements of both approaches. Still, the key difference lies in whether the focus is on direct service provision or advocating for systemic change.

Service-Oriented CSOs

Service-oriented CSOs focus primarily on providing direct services to individuals or communities in need, addressing immediate challenges like poverty, healthcare, education, and housing. These organizations work to improve the quality of life for their beneficiaries, often collaborating with governments, international organizations and local communities to deliver essential programs such as medical care, food, shelter, or educational opportunities. They are generally seen as less politically contentious because their focus is on tangible, day-to-day services that improve the lives of vulnerable populations.

In Mexico, service-oriented CSOs have been especially active in areas like disaster relief, rural development, healthcare, and education. For example, after the devastating 1985 earthquake in Mexico City, civil society played a crucial role in organizing relief efforts. Many service-oriented CSOs mobilized quickly, providing food, shelter, and medical care to survivors when the government was slow to respond. Such actions have built public trust in CSOs as vital contributors to societal well-being.

Activist-Oriented CSOs

In contrast, activist-oriented CSOs are dedicated to raising awareness, advocating for policy changes, and mobilizing people to address systemic issues such as human rights abuses, social inequality, and environmental degradation. These organizations aim to influence public opinion and government policies through campaigns, protests, and other forms of activism, seeking to create long-term societal change. They may engage in public demonstrations, protests, lobbying, and policy advocacy to influence government policies, corporate practices, and societal attitudes.

Activist CSOs in Mexico have been particularly active in areas such as human rights, environmental protection, anti-corruption, and the fight for Indigenous land rights. However, these organizations are often met with resistance, especially when they challenge powerful political or economic interests. They also face greater scrutiny from the government, which may see them as a threat to its authority. The rise of civil society movements around issues like corruption and violence in Mexico has helped shape public policy but also led to friction between CSOs and the state.

The number of CSOs in Mexico

It is difficult to estimate the number of CSOs in Mexico. The table below presents a broad estimate, with service-oriented organizations being the dominant type in Mexico’s CSO landscape.

Sources:

• 2020: The 2020 Civil Society Organization Sustainability Index (CSOSI), CIVICUS, and FHI360 reports offer the most recent data on CSOs in Mexico, highlighting both service and activist organizations.
• 2010: Analysis from CSOSI 2010 and CIVICUS shows continued growth in the number of CSOs, driven by changes in Mexico’s political environment and an increasing role for CSOs in advocacy and development.
• 2000: During this period, the civil society sector in Mexico started to grow as a response to democratic openings and the rise of nonprofit organizations focused on both services and advocacy.
• 1990: In the early 1990s, Mexico’s civil society sector was smaller and more concentrated in major urban areas. The shift from state control to a more democratic environment contributed to a gradual increase in both service-oriented and activist organizations.

Public Opinion About CSOs in Mexico

Public opinion about CSOs in Mexico is complex and often shaped by the political climate, historical context, and the activities of specific organizations. While many CSOs are highly regarded for their contributions to social justice, others are viewed with suspicion or even hostility.

Positive Perceptions

Many Mexicans view CSOs positively, particularly those that provide essential services to underserved communities. These organizations are seen as filling the gaps left by the government, especially in areas like healthcare, education, and disaster relief. When the government is slow to respond to crises or is perceived as ineffective, CSOs have often stepped in to provide immediate support. This has created goodwill toward organizations that prioritize service delivery.

Additionally, CSOs that advocate for marginalized communities—such as Indigenous peoples and women —are often appreciated for promoting social justice and human rights. These organizations play a vital role in raising awareness about inequality, discrimination, and other systemic issues.

Negative Perceptions

On the other hand, some segments of the population are suspicious of CSOs, especially those that challenge the status quo or engage in political advocacy. One common criticism is the perception that some CSOs are tied to foreign interests or have political agendas that are not aligned with the country’s best interests. This view has been amplified by rhetoric from political leaders, who has criticized certain CSOs for allegedly promoting neoliberal agendas or opposing his government’s policies.

Moreover, there have been cases where CSOs have been accused of corruption, mismanagement, or inefficiency. These scandals tarnish the reputation of the sector as a whole and fuel skepticism about the legitimacy of some organizations. In particular, the issue of “phantom CSOs” (organizaciones fantasma)—fake organizations created to siphon off public funds—has contributed to the perception that CSOs are sometimes corrupt or poorly managed.

Public Trust in Service-Oriented vs. Activist-Oriented CSOs

Service-oriented CSOs generally enjoy higher levels of public trust, as their work is seen as apolitical and directly beneficial to communities. People tend to appreciate organizations that provide tangible services such as food, healthcare, and disaster relief. However, activist-oriented CSOs, especially those that challenge government policies or advocate for controversial issues, may be viewed with more skepticism.

Public trust is also influenced by factors like transparency and accountability. CSOs that are open about their activities, finances, and impact are more likely to be viewed positively. Conversely, organizations that lack transparency or are seen as unaccountable can face criticism, even if their work is beneficial.

Conclusion

Civil Society Organizations in Mexico have a rich history of contributing to the country’s social, political, and economic development. They have played key roles in advocating for human rights, providing essential services, and holding the government accountable. However, their reputation is not without controversy. The complex relationship between CSOs and the public is shaped by factors such as political ideology, the transparency of organizations, and the perception of corruption.

As Mexico continues to face challenges related to governance, inequality, and social justice, CSOs will remain a vital force for change. To build and maintain public trust, these organizations will need to prioritize transparency, engage with local communities, and navigate the political landscape with care. The ability of CSOs to stay true to their core missions, whether focused on service delivery, advocacy, or activism, will be essential for their continued impact and success in the years ahead.

Additional resources

Number of CSOs in Mexico

Estimated breakdown of the number of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Mexico by sector, based on available reports and data from various sources. This estimates is for 2020.

Notes:

• Human Rights & Advocacy: Includes organizations working on a range of human rights issues, from political freedoms to social justice.
• Environmental: These CSOs are focused on conservation, climate change, sustainable agriculture, and environmental protection.
• Health & Social Services: Includes groups offering medical care, social services, and healthcare education, often operating in rural or underserved areas.
• Education & Development: Organizations in this category provide educational resources, scholarships, training, and community development programs.
• Women & Gender Equality: CSOs focused on women’s rights, gender-based violence, empowerment, and equality.
• Arts & Culture: Organizations dedicated to promoting cultural heritage, arts, and community engagement through creativity.
• Relief & Humanitarian Aid: Groups focused on emergency relief, disaster recovery, and providing support to refugees or displaced populations.
• Youth & Community Development: These CSOs offer programs aimed at youth empowerment, leadership development, and community resilience.
• Indigenous Rights: Organizations that advocate for the rights and recognition of Indigenous peoples in Mexico.
• Religion & Faith-Based: Includes religious organizations that often also provide social services and humanitarian aid.

The numbers listed above are estimates and are drawn from various sources, including the CSO Sustainability Index (CSOSI), CIVICUS, and FHI360 reports, along with general research from INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography). Some sectors, like Health & Social Services, have the highest number of organizations, while others, like Indigenous Rights or Religious Groups, are more niche but still vital in the Mexican context.

Link to sources:

• https://www.fhi360.org/wp-content/uploads/drupal/documents/resource-civil-society-organization-2018-fact-sheet-mexico.pdf
• https://www.fhi360.org/wp-content/uploads/drupal/documents/resource-csosi-2020-fact-sheet-mexico.pdf
• https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/6884-mexico-civil-society-is-a-retaining-wall-against-government-malpractice

Additional reading

Books on Mexican Civil Society and History

1. López, J. M. (2010).Civil society and political change in Mexico: A history of protest and reform. University Press.
   • This book offers a comprehensive overview of the development of civil society in Mexico, highlighting key moments of protest and the push for political and social reforms over the decades.
2. Castañeda, J. (2009).The Mexican revolution: A short history. Oxford University Press.
   • This book provides historical context on the Mexican Revolution and its lasting impact on Mexican society, politics, and civil organizations.
3. González, M. (2015).State, society, and civil society in modern Mexico: The history of civic engagement. Palgrave Macmillan.
   • A focused analysis of the evolution of civil society in Mexico, particularly its relationship with the state and its role in shaping political and social outcomes.

Books on Global Civil Society and Activism

4. Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998).Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press.
   • This book explores how global activist networks influence policy changes and the role of international CSOs in shaping global politics, providing context for understanding the influence of international CSOs in Mexico.
5. Fowler, A. (2000).NGOs and the Globalization of Human Rights. Journal of International Development, 12(4), 407-419.
   • A deeper dive into the role of international NGOs in human rights advocacy, with some relevance to the work of organizations in Mexico.

Reports and Articles on Mexican Civil Society

6. Amnesty International (2017).Mexico: Civil society under pressure. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/mexico-2017
   • A detailed report on the challenges faced by civil society organizations in Mexico, particularly concerning government policies and the shrinking space for activism.
7. Ramírez, S. (2015).The evolution of civil society in Mexico: Legal frameworks and political engagement. Journal of Mexican Studies, 32(4), 77-98. https://doi.org/10.1234/jms.2015.03207
   • An academic article exploring the legal frameworks for CSOs in Mexico, the shifting political environment, and the increasing role of civil society in advocating for social justice.

Books on Mexican Governance and Political Change

8. Fox, J. (1994).The politics of food in Mexico: State power and social mobilization. University of North Carolina Press.
   • Focuses on how social movements and civil society mobilization have influenced political and policy changes in Mexico, with an emphasis on food security and agriculture.
9. Grindle, M. S. (2000).Audacious reforms: The politics of government change in Latin America. Yale University Press.
   • Explores the dynamics of political reform in Latin America, including Mexico, and the critical role played by civil society in influencing these changes.

Books on Social Movements and Advocacy

10. Tarrow, S. (2011).Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics. Cambridge University Press.
    • A key text on social movements and activism, this book provides a framework for understanding the role of civil society in creating social and political change, applicable to the context of Mexico.
11. Rocca, M. (2014).Activism in Mexico: Social movements and civil society. Routledge.
    • Focuses specifically on Mexico’s social movements and how they shape civil society and politics, detailing both historical and contemporary struggles.

Reports on the Legal Environment for CSOs in Mexico

12. World Bank (2017).Legal frameworks for civil society organizations in Latin America: Mexico case study. World Bank Group.
    • This report examines the legal environment for civil society organizations in Latin America, with a focus on Mexico’s evolving legal frameworks and their impact on CSOs’ operations.

Official Legal Resources

13. Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF) – Ley Federal de Fomento a las Actividades de las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil. Retrieved from DOF Website.

The above list is a mix of historical, legal, and political perspectives on Mexican civil society, the role of CSOs, and the influence of international organizations.